This scatter plot visualizes population by U.S. state, with each state represented as a circle positioned along a categorical x-axis and a linear y-axis scaled to population values. The code loads CSV data via d3.csv, converts population strings to numbers, and renders circles using d3.scaleBand and d3.scaleLinear for axes. Circles are appended to an SVG container with fixed coordinates computed from the scales, using a steelblue fill and a 5-pixel radius. The visualization highlights population disparities across states while maintaining a simple, readable layout.